Biodegradation and Bioremediation

Preface. Introduction. Growth-Linked Biodegradation: Assimilation of Carbon; Assimilation of Other Elements. Acclimation: Factors Affecting Acclimation; Accelerated Pesticide Biodegradation; Explanations for the Acclimation Phase; Enzyme Induction and Lag Phase. Detoxication. Activation: Mechanisms of activation; Defusing; Change in Toxicity Spectrum; Risks from Biodegradation. Kinetics: Processes Linked to Growth; Biodegradation by Nongrowing Organisms; Zero-Order Kinetics; First-Order Kinetics; Diffusion and Sorption; Metabolism of One Substrate during Growth on Another; Three-Half-Order kinetics; Kinetics of Fungal Processes; Persistent Compounds. Threshold. Sorption: Chemistry of Sorption; Diminished Availability of Sorbed Substrates; Utilization of Sorbed Compounds; Kinetics; Stimulatory Effects. Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids and Compounds with Low Water Solubility: Mechanisms of Utilization; Enhancement of Biodegradation. Bioavailability: Aging, Sequestering, and Complexing: Remote Compounds; Sequestration and Aging; Complexed Substrates; Toxicological Significance. Effect of Chemical Structure on Biodegradation: Generalizations; Reasons for Persistence; Predicting Biodegradability. Predicting Products of Biodegradation: Aromatics, Mono- and Polycyclic: Hydroxylation and Ketone Formation; Monocyclic Aromatics: Reduction of Double Bonds; Monocyclic Aromatics: Ring Cleavage; PAHs: Ring Cleavage; Monocyclic Aromatics: Carboxylation; Cycloalkanes: Oxidation; Methyl Groups (RCH3): Oxidation; Alkanes [CH3 (CH2)+CH3]: Dehydrogenation; Alkyl groups [R(CH2)+CH#]: Subterminal Oxidation; Alkenes and Other Compounds with Double Bonds: Reduction, Oxidation, and Hydration; Alkenes and Other Compounds with Double Bonds: Epoxide Formation; Alkynes and Other Compounds with Triple Bonds: Reduction; Carboxylic Acids (RCOOH): Decarboxylation and Reduction; Carboxylic Acids (RCOOH) and Alcohols (RCH2OH): Ester Formation; Alkanoic Acids [R(CH2)nCOOH], Alkanes [H(CH2)nCH3], and Alkyl Groups [R(CH2)nCH3]:?-Oxidation; Hydroxyl Groups (ROH): Methylation and Ether (ROR’) O & par; Formation; Esters (RCOCH2R’): Hydrolysis; Ethers (ROR’): cleavage; Halogenated Aromatics :Reductive Dehalogenation; Halogenated Alkanes and Alkenes: Reductive Dehalogenation; Halogenated Compounds: Hydrolytic Dehalogenation; Halogenated Compounds: Dehydrodehalogenation; Halogenated Compounds: Halogen Migration; Trihalomethyl-Containing Compounds (RCCI3, RCF3): Transformation; Halogenated Compounds Conversion to Methylthio Derivatives; Amines: Reductive Deamination; Amines: Hydrolytic Deamination; Amines: Acylation; Amines: N-Methylation; Secondary Amines, Tertiary Amines, and Quaternary N Compounds: Transformation; Amines: N Oxidation; Amines Conversion to N Heterocycles; Amines: Dimerization; Secondary Amines (RNHR’): N-Nitrosation; Amines; S Addition; Alkylamines [RNHAlk, O & par; RN(Alk)2, RN+(Alk)3]: O & par; Dealkylation; Carbamates (RC-NHR’) and Amides (RCHNH2): Cleavage; Nitriles (RC?N): Conversion to Amides and Carboxylic Acids; N-Nitroso Compounds (Nitrosamines): Denitrosation; Azobenzenes: Reduction; Nitro Compounds (RNO2): Reduction; Nitro Compounds: Hydrolytic Denitration; Nitro Compounds: Reductive Denitration; Nitrate Esters (RONO2): cleavage; C–S Bond: Cleavage; Sulfate Esters (ROSO3H): Cleavage; Thiols (RSH): Methylation; Thiols: Dimerization; Thioethers (RSR’): Oxidation; Disulfides (RSSR): Cleavage; Phosphate Esters: Cleavage; Phosphorothiates: Cleavage; Phosphorodithiolates: Degradation; Phosphorodithioates: Cleavage; Phosphonates: Cleavage; Tiriary Phosphates: Cleavage; P==S: Conversion to P==O; Addition Reaction. Cometabolism: Substrates and Reactions; Explanations; Enzymes with Many Substrates; Environmental Significance. Environmental Effects: Abiotic Factors; Nutrient Supply; Multiple Substrates; Synergism; Predation; Growing Plants; Anaerobic Biodegradation. Inoculation: Successes; Failures; Explanations for Failures; Genetically Engineered Microorganisms. Bioremediation Technologies: In Situ and Solid Phase: Land Farming, Prepared Beds, and Soil Piles; Phytoremediation; Bioventing and Biosparging; Composting; In Situ Groundwater Biorestoration; Intrinsic Bioremediation; Marine Oil Spills; White-Rot Fungi. Bioremediation Technologies: Ex Situ and Bioreactors: Bioreactors; Biofilters; Cometabolism; Anaerobic Processes; Combined Microbial and Nonbiological Treatment; Enzymatic Conversions. Bioremediation of Metals and Other Inorganic Pollutants: Biosorption and Bioaccumulation; Reduction; Solubilization/Oxidation; Precipitation; Methylation; Individual Pollutants. Recalcitrant Molecules: Examples of Recalcitrance; Persistent Products; Synthetic Polymers; Mechanisms of Recalcitrance. Formation and Biodegradation of Air Pollutants: Carbon Dioxide; Methane; Nitrous Oxide; Nitric Oxide; Carbon Monoxide; Nonmethane Hydrocarbons; Alkyl Halides; Odors.