Introductory Chemistry

Table of Contents BRIEF TOC 1. The Chemical World 2. Measurement and Problem Solving 3. Matter and Energy 4. Atoms and Elements 5. Molecules and Compounds 6. Chemical Composition 7. Chemical Reactions 8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions 9. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table 10. Chemical Bonding 11. Gases 12. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces 13. Solutions 14. Acids and Bases 15. Chemical Equilibrium 16. Oxidation and Reduction 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry 18. Organic Chemistry 19. Biochemistry COMPREHENSIVE TOC 1. The Chemical World 1.1 Soda Pop Fizz 1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things 1.3 All Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules 1.4 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think 1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed 2. Measurement and Problem Solving 2.1 Measuring Global Temperatures 2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers 2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations 2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement 2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion 2.7 Solving Multistep Conversion Problems 2.8 Units Raised to a Power 2.9 Density 2.10 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map 3. Matter and Energy 3.1 In Your Room 3.2 What Is Matter? 3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas 3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties 3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes 3.7 Conservation of Mass: There is No New Matter 3.8 Energy 3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change 3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms 3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity 3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations 4. Atoms and Elements 4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon 4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory 4.3 The Nuclear Atom 4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons 4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table 4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons 4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies 4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms 5. Molecules and Compounds 5.1 Sugar and Salt 5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition 5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds 5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds 5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds 5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds 5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds 5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds 5.9 Naming Acids 5.10 Nomenclature Summary 5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit 6. Chemical Composition 6.1 How Much Sodium? 6.2 Counting Nails by the Pound 6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram 6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram 6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors 6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds 6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula 6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds 6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds 7. Chemical Reactions 7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents 7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction 7.3 The Chemical Equation 7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations 7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water 7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid 7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations 7.8 Acid–Base and Gas Evolution Reactions 7.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions 8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions 8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide 8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients 8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions 8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions 8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield 8.6 Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants 8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction 9. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table 9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom 9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation 9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits 9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals 9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations 9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model 9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character 10. Chemical Bonding 10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs 10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots 10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred 10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared 10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds 10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule 10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules 10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix 11. Gases 11.1 Extra-Long Straws 11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases 11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions 11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume 11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature 11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature 11.7 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles 11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles 11.9 Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen 11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions 12. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces 12.1 Interactions between Molecules 12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids 12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity 12.4 Evaporation and Condensation 12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation 12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole–Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole 12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic 12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule 13. Solutions 13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon 13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures 13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy 13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz 13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent 13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity 13.7 Solution Dilution 13.8 Solution Stoichiometry 13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter 13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration 14. Acids and Bases 14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies 14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples 14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples 14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases 14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases 14.6 Acid–Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution 14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One 14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity 14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change 15.